Which of the following foods should be avoided by individuals with GERD?

Individuals with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) should avoid spicy foods because these can irritate the esophagus and relax the lower esophageal sphincter, which contributes to the onset of reflux symptoms. Spices such as chili powder, hot peppers, and certain seasonings can exacerbate the burning sensation associated with heartburn and may lead to increased acid production, making symptoms worse.

In contrast, whole grains, leafy greens, and low-fat dairy products are generally considered beneficial for those managing GERD. Whole grains provide dietary fiber, which can aid in digestion and may help reduce acid reflux. Leafy greens are low in calories and offer essential nutrients without causing irritation. Low-fat dairy products can be soothing and are often better tolerated than their full-fat counterparts since they are less likely to trigger reflux. Therefore, avoiding spicy foods is particularly important for effective management of GERD symptoms.