What is a common result of low energy availability in female athletes?

Experiencing low energy availability is particularly concerning for female athletes, as it can lead to several physiological and hormonal disruptions. One of the most notable consequences of low energy availability in this population is menstrual dysfunction, which can manifest as irregular periods or, in some cases, amenorrhea (the absence of menstruation).

Low energy availability refers to a situation where the energy consumed through food intake is insufficient to support the energy expended through physical activity and bodily functions. This imbalance can disrupt normal hormonal regulation, particularly affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which controls reproductive hormones. The resulting hormonal changes can lead to a decrease in estrogen production, which is vital for maintaining menstrual cycles and overall reproductive health.

This dysfunction not only has implications for an athlete’s training and performance but also increases the risk of long-term health issues, such as decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to stress fractures. Understanding the relationship between energy availability and menstrual health can help practitioners promote better health and performance outcomes for female athletes.